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The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade agreement among twelve Pacific Rim countries concerning a variety of matters of economic policy, which was reached on 5 October 2015 after 7 years of negotiations. The agreement's stated goal had been to "promote economic growth; support the creation and retention of jobs; enhance innovation, productivity and competitiveness; raise living standards; reduce poverty in our countries; and promote transparency, good governance, and enhanced labor and environmental protections."〔 Among other things, the TPP Agreement contains measures to lower trade barriers such as tariffs,〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=The Guardian )〕 and establish an investor-state dispute settlement mechanism (but states can opt out from tobacco-related measures). The United States government has considered the TPP as the companion agreement to the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), a broadly similar agreement between the United States and the European Union. Historically, the TPP is an expansion of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPSEP or P4), which was signed by Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore in 2005. Beginning in 2008, additional countries joined the discussion for a broader agreement: Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, the United States, and Vietnam, bringing the total number of participating countries in the negotiations to twelve. Participating nations aimed at completing negotiations in 2012, but contentious issues such as agriculture, intellectual property, and services and investments caused negotiations to continue. They finally reached agreement on 5 October 2015. Implementing the TPP has been one of the trade agenda goals of the Obama administration in the US.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/economy/trade )〕 On 5 October 2015 Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper expected "signatures on the finalized text and deal early in the new year, and ratification over the next two years."〔 A version of the text of the treaty "Subject to Legal Review (...) for Accuracy, Clarity and Consistency" was made public on 5 November 2015, the same day President Obama notified Congress that he intends to sign it. A number of global health professionals, internet freedom activists, environmentalists, organised labour, advocacy groups, and elected officials have criticized and protested against the treaty, in large part because of the secrecy of negotiations, the agreement's expansive scope, and controversial clauses in drafts leaked to the public.〔(Obama Faces Backlash Over New Corporate Powers In Secret Trade Deal ). ''The Huffington Post.'' 8 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.〕〔(How To Fight The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Anti-TPP Petitions, Protests & Campaigns ). ''International Business Times.'' Retrieved 17 December 2013.〕〔(Trans-Pacific Partnership Talks Stir House Bipartisan Opposition ). ''The Huffington Post.'' 12 November 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.〕〔Gabrielle Chan (11 November 2014). (Unions call for halt in TPP negotiations so that agreement can be scrutinised ). ''The Guardian.''〕 == Membership == Twelve countries participated in negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: the four parties to the 2005 ''Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement'' in 2006, and eight others. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trans-Pacific Partnership」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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